Supplementary Material for: Effects of meditation and yoga on anxiety, depression and chronic inflammation in patients with Parkinson's disease: A randomised clinical trial
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posted on 2025-01-10, 15:39 authored by Kwok J.Y.Y., Chan L.M.L., Lai C.A., Ho P.W.L., Choi Z.Y., Auyeung M., Pang S.Y.Y., Choi E.P.H., Fong D.Y.T., Yu D.S.F., Lin C., Walker R., Wong S.Y., Ho R.T.H.Introduction: Clinical guidelines recommend a holistic approach to Parkinson’s disease (PD) care, yet randomized trials examining mindfulness-based interventions are scarce. This study investigated effects of two mindfulness practices–meditation and yoga–on biopsychosocial outcomes in PD patients, including anxiety and depressive symptoms, compared to usual care.
Methods: 159 participants with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PD and a Hoehn and Yahr stage of 1, 2, and 3, were randomised into meditation(n=53), yoga(n=52), and control(n=54). Meditation and yoga were delivered in 90-minute groups for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes included anxiety and depressive symptoms. Secondary outcomes included motor and non-motor symptoms, HRQOL, mindfulness, and serum levels of interleukin-6, cortisol and TNF-alpha. Assessments were done at baseline(T0), 2 months(T1) and 6 months(T2). Linear mixed models were conducted following intention-to-treat principle.
Results: Compared to control, meditation and yoga groups had significant improvements in anxiety symptoms (meditation: mean difference [MD]=−1.36, 95%CI−2.46 to−0.26; yoga: MD=−1.61, CI−2.70 to −0.52), motor symptoms (meditation: MD=−5.35, CI−8.61 to−2.09; yoga: MD=−6.59, CI−9.82 to−3.36), HRQOL (meditation: MD=−2.01, CI−3.41 to−0.62; yoga: MD=−1.45, CI−2.83 to−0.08), and describing skills (meditation: MD=0.97, CI 0.04 to 1.89; yoga: MD=0.92, CI 0.01–1.84) at T1, and significant reductions in serum interleukin-6 levels(meditation: MD=−1.14, CI−2.18 to−0.10; yoga: MD=−1.11, CI −2.09 to−0.13) at T2. Only meditation significantly reduced depression (MD=−1.44, CI−2.57 to−0.30) at T1 and sustained motor and HRQOL improvements at T2.
Conclusion: Meditation and yoga significantly improved anxiety symptoms, chronic inflammation, motor symptoms, mindfulness-describing facet and HRQOL in PD patients. Meditation provided additional benefits in reducing depressive symptoms and sustaining motor and HRQOL improvements.
